There is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Figure 7 BBR reduces tumor growth and = 5; BBR group, = 5; CQ group, < 0.05; **< 0.01;***< 0.001. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL FIGURES Click here to view.(4.0M, pdf) Acknowledgments This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China Grant (81402060 and 81572487), the Special Foundation for Taishan Scholars (No.ts20110814 and tshw201502056), the Shandong Provincial Science & Technology Major Project (emerging industry) (2015ZDXX0801A01), the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University (2015QY001), the Key Research & Development Program of Shandong Province (2015GSF118074 and 2015GGE27101), the University of Bergen, the Helse Bergen, Norway and the Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Education (SIU) (UTF-2014/10047). Footnotes CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflicts of interest. REFERENCES 1. Ricard D, Idbaih A, Ducray F, Lahutte M, Hoang-Xuan K, Delattre JY. Primary brain tumours in adults. Lancet (London, England) 2012;379:1984C1996. [PubMed] 2. Stupp R, Brada M, van den Bent MJ, Tonn JC, Pentheroudakis G. High-grade glioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 2014;25(Suppl 3):iii93C101. [PubMed] 3. Van Meir EG, Hadjipanayis CG, Norden AD, Shu HK, Wen PY, Olson JJ. Exciting new advances in neuro-oncology: the avenue to a cure for malignant glioma. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60:166C193. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 4. Chen Q, Qin R, Fang Y, Li H. Berberine Sensitizes Human Ovarian Cancer Cells to Cisplatin Through miR-93/PTEN/Akt Signaling Pathway. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. 2015;36:956C965. [PubMed] 5. Lee YC, Lee JW, Huang CC, Wu MH, Lee KH. Data supporting the identification of compound for inhibition of survivin of colorectal cancer by using ingenuity pathway analysis of gene expression profiling of colorectal cancer tissues. Data in brief. 2015;4:235C238. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 6. Liu Q, Xu X, Zhao M, Wei Z, Li X, Zhang X, Liu Z, Gong Y, Shao C. Berberine induces senescence of human glioblastoma cells by downregulating the EGFR-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Molecular cancer therapeutics. 2015;14:355C363. [PubMed] 7. Lu JJ, Fu L, Tang Z, Zhang C, Qin L, Wang J, Yu Z, Shi D, Xiao X, Xie F, Huang W, Deng W. Melatonin inhibits AP-2beta/hTERT, NF-kappaB/COX-2 and Akt/ERK and activates caspase/Cyto C signaling LY2608204 to enhance the antitumor activity of berberine in lung cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2016;7:2985C3001. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 8. Lu N, Tong Z, Zhang M, Lu L, Cao H. [Effect and mechanism of EGFR expression in macrophages on the anti-cancer effect of berberine on colorectal cancer] Zhonghua zhong liu za zhi. 2015;37:342C346. [PubMed] 9. Mishan MA, Ahmadiankia N, Matin MM, Heirani-Tabasi A, Shahriyari M, Bidkhori HR, Naderi-Meshkin H, Bahrami AR. Role of Berberine on molecular markers involved in migration of esophageal cancer cells. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) 2015;61:37C43. [PubMed] 10. Tian Y, Zhao L, Wang Y, Zhang H, Xu D, Zhao X, Li Y, Li J. Berberine inhibits androgen synthesis by interaction with aldo-keto reductase 1C3 in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. Asian journal of andrology. 2015 [PMC free article] [PubMed] 11. Guaman Ortiz LM, Croce AL, Aredia F, Sapienza S, Fiorillo G, Syeda TM, Buzzetti F, Lombardi P, Scovassi AI. Effect of new berberine derivatives on colon cancer cells. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica. 2015;47:824C833. [PubMed] 12. Peng PL, Kuo WH, Tseng HC, Chou FP. Synergistic tumor-killing effect of radiation and berberine combined treatment in lung cancer: the contribution of autophagic cell death. International LY2608204 journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics. 2008;70:529C542. [PubMed] 13. Wang N, Feng Y, Zhu M, Tsang CM, Man K, Tong Y, Tsao SW. Berberine induces autophagic cell death and mitochondrial apoptosis in liver cancer cells: the Mouse monoclonal to MUM1 cellular mechanism. Journal of cellular biochemistry. 2010;111:1426C1436. [PubMed] 14. Yu R, Zhang ZQ, Wang B, Jiang HX, Cheng L, Shen LM. Berberine-induced apoptotic and autophagic death of HepG2 cells requires AMPK activation. Cancer cell international. 2014;14:49. [PMC free article] [PubMed] 15. Sun LY2608204 Y, Xun K, Wang Y, Chen X. A systematic review of the anticancer properties of berberine, a natural product from Chinese herbs. Anti-cancer drugs. 2009;20:757C769. [PubMed] 16. Tillhon M, Guaman Ortiz.